Annual Congress on Veterinary and Animal Health November 21-22, 2018 Paris, France

Food is material that, after ingestion by animals, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized. In a more general sense we use the term ‘food’ to describe edible material. Additionally, dietary supplementation with certain nutrients (e.g., arginine, glutamine, zinc, and conjugated linoleic acid) can regulate gene expression and key metabolic pathways to improve fertility, pregnancy outcome, immune function, neonatal survival and growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality. Overall, the proper balance of protein, energy, vitamins and all nutritionally important minerals in diets is needed to make a successful nutrition program that is both productive and economical. Both fundamental and applied research is required to meet this goal. A successful livestock enterprise requires a good water supply, in terms both of quantity and quality. Safe supplies of water are absolutely essential for livestock. If livestock do not drink enough safe water every day, intake of feed (roughages and concentrates) will drop, production will fall and the livestock producer will lose money.

This topic of discussion will also include veterinary study at micro level, microorganism included in this veterinary study, the structure of microorganisms. Extensive use of currently available vaccines, strict quarantine combined with rapid diagnostics and biosecurity, and stamping out and other containment measures seem to keep ND under control in developed countries. However, as evident from the multiple outbreaks occurring worldwide, current vaccination strategies are not fully efficacious under different environmental conditions and the development of new concepts for vaccine generation are needed. To enhance the efficacy of vaccines and to improve the immune responses induced by them, investigation of innovative approaches together with the development of safe and novel strong adjuvants are necessary. Future ND vaccine systems that allow rapid development to target emerging NDV strains, and enable design of multiplexed vaccines, will have advantage over currently existing vaccines.

There are some organisms which are harmless or helpful but in certain conditions they trigger the development of an infection. He diseases caused by germs and which may infect any part of the body are called Infectious Diseases. Some organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, animals are main cause of Infectious diseases. Infectious Diseases  includes a wide range of fields which includes research on sexually transmitted infections, Bacterial Infections, Infections caused by animals, Antiviral therapy, Antibiotics, Viral infections, Respiratory Tract Infections, Parasitic Infections Vaccines,  Infect Advanced Therapies etc.

    This topic of discussion involve medicine related to clinical examination and diagnostic which is used to investigate the alimentary canal, establishing a problem oriented approach to the diagnosis of underlying pathological conditions. Pathology of teeth and gums "Lumpy jaw", Foot and Mouth disease & Vesicular Stomatitis. Mucosal Disease / Bovine virus diarrhoea, Malignant Catarrh, ulcerative stomatitis, "Wooden Tongue", diphtheritic stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, proliferative stomatitis. Oesophageal obstruction, perforation, achalasia. Escherichia coli infections in animals. E. coli as a broad group of bacteria: general characteristics. E. coli as enteric pathogens : ETEC, EPEC, EHEC. Pathogenesis and requirements for virulence factors (toxins, adhesions, capsules, endotoxin). Inflammatory disease (enteritis). Types of inflammation with examples. Catarrhal, ulcerative, fibrous / haemorrhagic, proliferative. Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials: Treatments for humans may also be useful for treatments with animals (e.g. the BRCA1 gene found in 65% of human breast tumors is similar to the BRCA1 gene in dogs). Hyperthermia + radiation = more effective at killing tumours. Stimulation of cytokines for curing skin cancers

It includes the practices for treatment of animals, testing on them related to drugs, keeping them safe from diseases. Veterinarians play an important role in protecting animal welfare, animal health, public health as well as the environment and provide a wide range of services. The total of buildings, infrastructure, veterinarians, support personnel and necessary documentation. However, the term veterinary practice in Good Veterinary Practice is defined as any veterinary service provided by a veterinary organization. Veterinarians shall endeavor to ensure the welfare and health of the animals under their care in whichever section of the veterinary profession they work. Veterinarians shall always take into account the five freedoms2 for assessing animal welfare. When aware of violations to animal welfare legislation, veterinarians shall immediately bring this to the attention of the owner of the animal(s) and do everything within their reach to solve the problem. Veterinarians shall treat all animals in their care with respect.

Veterinary research is the study of animals, particularly their health, disease and behavior, and informs and influences a far greater proportion of our lives than many people realize. Veterinary research contributes to quality and safety throughout the whole food chain. It plays a crucial role in human medicine through comparative studies, considers diseases that can cross from animals to humans, such as rabies and BSE, and is a key part of improving animal welfare and ensuring environmental sustainability. Veterinary research is carried out by individuals with a range of scientific backgrounds, including veterinarians. Research is undertaken at institutes and universities, by industry, including pharmaceutical companies, and in veterinary practices around the country. It is funded by government, charities such as the Welcome Trust, and bodies such as the Horserace Betting Levy Board.

A Forensic Veterinarian’s job is to identify, collect and assess evidence from animals and their environment. It involves investigation of animal cruelty with crime scene investigation as well as the examination of live and deceased victims. It brings the culprit behind to the bars. There is protection for animals.

To impart the basic knowledge of principles of surgery. To impart practical training in anesthesia, diagnostic imaging techniques and surgery. To impart practical training in surgery, anesthesia and diagnostic imaging techniques. To impart the basic and practical knowledge of principles of large animal anesthesia and mechanism of pain. To impart the basic and practical knowledge of principles of diagnostic imaging techniques and interpretation of radiographs, ultrasonography/CT/ MRI and other imaging techniques.

As the professional regulatory authority for the veterinary professions, the RCVS maintains a register of veterinary nurses. Maintaining the register includes the approval of qualifications that can lead to professional registration; these are known as license to practice qualifications. Qualifications that lead to registration can either be at Further Education (FE) or Higher Education (HE) level. The requirements for such qualifications are set out in the RCVS Registration Rules and the Standards detailed in this handbook

In addition to analgesia for pain control, many injured or ill animals will require analgesia to facilitate restraint, diagnostic and emergency procedures. As each animal will present with varying levels of injury or illness and be experiencing different degrees of pain, individual drug selection, and dosing to effect is essential, rather than considering a standard regimen for all patients. Painful animals may also be aggressive and chemical restraint is required to protect staff, and the patient from further (self-in­flicted or iatrogenic) injury, and to facilitate a physical examination. ‑these animals may appear stable even with severe injury or illness (especially cats) due to the ‘fight or fl­ight’ response. 

•       The process of genetically modifying an animal usually starts with combining certain fragments of DNA together in a laboratory, known as recombinant DNA. Then it is put into the animal which can pass on the recombinant DNA to the offspring. These animals contain an additional protein from the constructed DNA needed to create the drug. Many animals are being used to produce pharmaceutical drugs, mainly milk and egg producing animals such as chicken, goats, and cows. The common way to genetically modify animals is a certain process performed in the laboratory

1. The gene of interest is isolated on a strand of DNA
2. DNA is cut at specific points by restriction enzymes. The enzymes recognize certain sequences of bases on the DNA strand and cut where those sequences appear.
3. The cut DNA joins with a vector, which may be a virus or part of a bacterial cell called a plasmid. The vector carries the gene of interest into the organism that will produce the protein.
4. Transformation occurs when the gene carried by the vector is incorporated into the DNA of another organism where it initiates the action desired

Poultry products are nutritious and add variety to the human diet. Most of the products are from chickens, but ducks and turkeys also are important sources. In developing countries, rural production systems for maintaining poultry are not far removed from conditions encountered by wild chickens and ducks. Where reliable refrigeration is not available, consumers purchase small amounts of poultry meat and eggs on a regular basis. In developed countries, commercial production systems provide large supplies of meat and eggs. The food processing industry provides meat in the form of whole carcass, cut-up parts, or further processed meat. Eggs are available as whole (shell) eggs or liquid or component parts. By products from food processing are recycled, usually by inclusion in animal feed.

Many people intuitively believe that they and others derive health benefits from relationships with their animal companions, and numerous scientific studies performed over the past 25 years support this belief. Among other benefits, animals have been demonstrated to improve human cardiovascular health, reduce stress, decrease loneliness and depression, and facilitate social interactions among people who choose to have pets. Additionally, many terminally ill, pregnant, or immunocompromised people are urged to relinquish their animal companions due to concerns about zoonosis (diseases that may be transmitted between humans and non-human animals). Dogs can act as the perfect personal trainer, if only because most of them need to be walked several times a day. To help human health professionals and their patients decide when and in what ways a companion animal may provide assistance, this booklet reviews some important scientific studies that document the positive impacts of the human-animal bond on human health: physiologically, psychologically and socially

Increasingly, veterinarians are using medical imaging to diagnose their patients. There is a corresponding tendency towards replacing conventional film-screen systems with digital medical imaging systems, such as computed radiography (CR) and direct radiography (DR). With these systems, many veterinarians around the world are enjoying considerable benefits, including time savings and optimal image quality.

1. From analog to digital: X-ray generators are used to make radiographic exposures. As the X-rays pass through the patient, the way in which they are absorbed varies depending on the density of the body tissues (bone, fat, water, air, etc.).

2. Computed radiography gains ground: Computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR) also use a standard X-ray generator. CR is an indirect digital imaging technology that became popular in the 1980s within the human healthcare domain. 

This report is the fourth annual collaboration between Health for Animals and Oxford Analytical. We have published ‘The cost of animal disease’ in 2012; ‘Emerging and re-emerging diseases’ in 2013; and ‘The growing threat of vector-borne diseases in humans and animals’ in 2014. With the publication of this new report, Health for Animals and Oxford Analytical are aiming to generate exposure around the topic of innovation in the animal health sector, among policymakers, industry, the NGO sector and the media. Innovation within the sector is vital for progress.

Human understanding of animals – especially their sentience, needs and natures – is developing all the time. The physical states of poor welfare are more readily accessible and understandable (particularly for veterinarians, who undertook much of the early work on welfare). But new research leads naturally to greater understanding of mental states and needs and natures. This is particularly true of ethological research, including ‘preference testing’ where animals’ preferences are measured and assessed. This may be why earlier definitions of welfare centred on physical states, whereas the latest definitions have reflected the complex, multi-faceted nature of animal welfare. Concern for animal welfare has historically focused on the use of animals for farm livestock production, transport, sale and slaughter, and research, testing and teaching. In addition, legislation designed to protect animal welfare often excludes pests or pest control. Attitudes towards pests have contributed to this, with pests usually and rightly in many cases, portrayed in a negative manner

Environment” is a difficult word to define. Its normal meaning relates to the surroundings, but obviously, that is a concept which is relatable to whatever object it is, which is surrounded. Environment is a polycentric and multifaceted problem affecting the human existence. Today protection of ‘environment’ is a global issue as it concerns all countries irrespective of their size, stage or development or ideology. Today, the interaction between society and nature is so extensive that the question of environment has assumed large proportions, affecting humanity at large. It is therefore, very important to understand and appreciate the importance of ‘environment’ in our daily life. It imposes a duty on every citizen ‘to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife’. Reference to the environment has also been made in the Directive Principles of State Policy as well as the Fundamental Rights. Today, Animal conservation has evolved into a science, but its goal remains essentially the same: to ensure the wise use and management of renewable resources. Given the right circumstances, living organisms that we call renewable resources can replenish themselves indefinitely. Conservation is the wise use of natural resources, without wasting them.

Veterinary medicine is engaged in maintaining the health of food animals and companion animals, in assuring a safe food supply, in scientific research and development (R&D), in teaching and R&D in academia, and in numerous novel activities such as government agencies (The Ohio Department of Agriculture, for example), military, zoos, and working for private firms. Most veterinarians are self-employed; nationally it is estimated that 80 percent of the veterinarians are self-employed and Ohio is not likely to be substantially different from the national number.

A veterinary practice can be defined as a business for the profitable delivery of veterinary medicine. Many veterinarians are under the mistaken belief that a successful practice will come from the delivery of effective veterinary medicine. The reality is that veterinary practices, particularly those providing small animal health care, are in an extremely competitive environment whereby the veterinarian must not only be a successful animal health care provider but also a practice manager and entrepreneur (Brown & Silverman 1999; Heinke2001; Shilcock2002). Although it is not essential for veterinarians to have formal qualifications in business it is considered important they have a foundational understanding of business practices relevant to the veterinary industry (Brown & Silverman 1999; Shilcock2002). This practice management and planning knowledge will assist the veterinarian to not only make a valuable contribution as a future employee but in many cases, understand the reality of self-employment opportunities.

Animal  husbandry practice is having  varied reasons like producing food to produce a regular supply of nutrient-rich animal source food that provide a critical supplement and diversity to staple plant-based diets, generate income to meet an urgent need of cash, to provide manure so as to contribute a greater crop production for food and income , to provide traction power for transportation and crop production, to serve as financial instruments and enhance social status as an indicator of social importance within the community, (either based on the size of a family’s livestock holdings or in their sharing of livestock with others) to strengthen social bonds (including the use of livestock as dowry or bride price) . Livestock-derived food items (meat, milk and eggs) are the great contributor in the Indian economy. This sector is an integral component of Indian agriculture supporting livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural population. There are various types of services of animals such as to provide nutrient-rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and domestic fuel, hides & skin, and are a regular source of cash income for rural households.

Livestock production is a form of agricultural production with many facets and the manifestation of these facets differs from one situation to another. It is obvious that livestock production by a nomad who keeps camels for milk to secure his subsistence is different from that of a peasant who raises some poultry in his farm yard for sale on the market. The different livestock species - camels, cattle, sheep, goats, equines*, pigs and poultry - vary radically in their management requirements, their production and productivity and also in the products they supply and the functions they fulfill. But one and the same species may also be held for completely different purposes: On some farms cattle are kept to produce beef for sale, on others to supply clung for the fields and to provide tractive force in farm work.

vaccination has been one of the most important interventions in disease prevention that has ever been developed. In spite of the demonstrable, and ongoing, success of vaccination, a small, but vocal, anti-vaccination movement has developed in human medicine, occasionally buttressed by horrifying instances of adverse reactions. Veterinary medicine, vaccination has also proven to be a boon for animal health. Diseases such as canine parvovirus and canine distemper, feline leukemia, or equine tetanus, have been greatly reduced – in some cases, nearly eliminated – by vaccination. And, as in human medicine, a small, but vocal, anti-vaccination movement has developed, regaling fearful listeners with tales of acute harm, or chronic, low-grade disease (sometimes termed “vaccinosis”). In spite of the success of animal vaccination, genuine questions remain as to ideal intervals for booster vaccination. That is, although the effectiveness of vaccination can be shown by reduction in disease, as well as the occasional challenge study (where vaccinated animals are exposed to disease-causing organisms to see if they are protected), no one really knows the “optimum” interval for giving boosters of most animal vaccines.

Nanotechnology is defined as a scientific knowledge application for matter’s manipulation and control in nonmetric scale (1-100 nm). Nanostructures may present new physical and chemical characteristics, demonstrating high reactivity and solubility levels, and better stability than the original actives. Nanotechnology allows the development of new products and also the possibility of reworking conventional substances viewing better efficacy results. This technique is commonly used in Human Medicine; especially involving Nano carriers for quick and specific drug delivery into cells. In Veterinary Medicine, the use of nanoparticles composed by antimicrobials actives are being intensively tested, especially in livestock animals.